What role does cryptography play in computer security?

Cryptography is fundamentally about protecting information through transformation into an unreadable format. This process ensures that even if data is intercepted or accessed without authorization, it cannot be understood or utilized by unauthorized individuals. By employing cryptographic techniques, sensitive information such as passwords, financial data, and personal details can be secured, maintaining confidentiality and preventing unauthorized access.

The transformation of data into an unreadable format typically involves algorithms and keys that facilitate encryption and decryption processes. Only those who possess the correct decryption keys can revert the data back to its original, readable form, thereby ensuring that the information remains protected during storage and transmission.

This mechanism is essential for various applications in computer security, including secure communications (like VPNs and HTTPS), data integrity, and authentication protocols, which require the assurance that the data remains confidential and has not been tampered with during its lifecycle.